The Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) now includes the idea of an “Internet Gaming Disorder.” The concept of gaming addiction as a classifiable mental disorder is still up for debate. But there is some validity to the claims that video games can be addictive.
Understanding the Science of Video Game Addiction
Video games may unintentionally be designed to be addictive based on the principle of operant conditioning. Operant Conditioning rewards a subject for certain behaviors that a researcher may want to increase. The researcher punishes a subject for behaviors that they would like to decrease. This was first tested by B.F. Skinner using a device called a “Skinner Box,” in which Skinner would systematically train rats to perform behaviors, such as pushing a button. While there were several outcomes that came of this discovery, the basic premise as it applies to video game addiction is the concept of positive reinforcement. Put simply, a subject is rewarded each time that they perform a specific task. This model has been used in schools, jobs, and numerous areas. It has positive effects on students and employees. Positive reinforcement is use in areas such as video games and casinos to keep players coming back for more.
Addicting by Design
To understand the addictive nature of video games, you can take a look at most casinos– slot machines in particular. As discussed in the Scientific American, casinos have mastered the art and science of manipulating the brain’s reward system to encourage players to keep placing more and bigger bets. Slot machines are designed with these principles of operant conditioning to gradually reward players to keep placing bets. Slot machines often reward players by paying small sums every 2-5 bets. That rush of adrenaline after winning $5, even after placing $15 in bets, encourages players to keep pushing on, even if they are ultimately losing. This same model is employed in many video games. They reward players with power-ups, increased levels, and minor accomplishments and rewards periodically. This entices players to keep playing. Modern video games even have numerous “achievements” or “trophies.” These are rewards that can be unlocked after fulfilling specific tasks, ranging from easy to difficult.
Defining Addiction
Worried that your spouse or child may be addicted to video games? There is a strict set of criteria to determine if someone is actually addicted to gaming. As discussed in Psychology Today, many of the diagnostic criteria for gaming addiction involve a preoccupation with gaming. There are also physical and emotional withdrawals when they are not playing games, including:
- irritability
- anger
- frustration
As with substance addictions, this person would also have built up a tolerance to gaming, requiring longer sessions to get their fix. They may have had personal, social, and work relationships hindered due to this preoccupation. Online gaming addiction is still not classified as an official mental illness. But if you have concerns about yourself or someone you know, consult a mental health practitioner for guidance and assistance. Treatment can be successful and lead to a healthy and happy lifestyle once under control.
Related Resources: